Science Library

Plain-English definition of what cells secrete, principal component classes, and why the distinction between cells and their signals matters.

The paradigm shift from engraftment to paracrine signaling, and where the field is heading: acellular biologics, EVs, miRNA, transcriptomic characterization.

Clarifying the difference between exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and the full secretome — and why conflation creates confusion.

How peptides differ from proteins, hormones, and small-molecule drugs — and why their signaling biology makes them a focus of longevity research.

A guide to the evidence tier system — in vitro, animal, mechanistic, early human, approved drug class — and what each level does and does not establish.

FDA approval, 503A compounding, and investigational status are distinct regulatory categories. Understanding the differences is foundational to reading longevity research accurately.

Discovery, biology, connections to kidney function, inflammation, cognition, and aging — and what the evidence says about Klotho as a longevity-associated protein.

What NAD+ actually does as a coenzyme, its connections to sirtuins and PARPs, and why the biology of decline differs from supplement marketing claims.

Acellular preparations defined — what they contain, what they do not contain, and why the absence of live cells is scientifically meaningful.

The Lopez-Otin framework — from genomic instability and telomere attrition to cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis — in plain language.